Estimation of carbon dioxide and methane emissions and absorption by land and ocean surfaces in the 21st century
Keywords:
Carbon cycle, natural ecosystems, climate change, monitoring, emissions, absorption, greenhouse gases, inversion modeling, biogeochemical models, Paris Agreement.Abstract
This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of changes
in the estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions and uptake
by terrestrial and ocean ecosystems in the 21st century. The article examines key
methods for estimating greenhouse gas fluxes, including national inventories,
biogeochemical models, inversion modeling, and machine learning. The article also
discusses the advantages and limitations of these methods. Particular attention is
given to the dynamics of CO2 and CH4 emission and uptake by land and ocean
ecosystems, as well as the role of various ecosystems, including tropical and boreal
forests, and wetlands, in this process. Additionally, the article discusses how
climate change impacts CO2 and CH4 fluxes, including the effects of permafrost
thaw, forest fires, and ocean acidification. The article addresses discrepancies
between estimates derived from various methods and uncertainties arising from
limited observational data. Finally, the article considers future scenarios of
greenhouse gas flux changes depending on climatic and anthropogenic factors.
Overall, the article emphasizes the need for monitoring systems and international
cooperation to improve forecasts and implement climate strategies.
