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ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɱɢɫɥɨ

ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹɨɬɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɤɫɢɫɬɟɦɟȼɝɨɞɭ

ɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɛɵɥɚɫɨɡɞɚɧɚɩɟɪɜɚɹɬɚɤɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɞɥɹɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ȼȼɉ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉȽ Ȼɚɲɦɚɤɨɜ Ɇɵɲɚɤ  %DVKPDNRY

0\VKDN%DVKPDNRY0\VKDNɁɚɬɟɦɜɝɨɞɭɨɧɚɛɵɥɚɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ

ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɨɦ Ɇɢɧɷɤɨɧɨɦɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ

ɝ ʋ ɆɗɊ ɊɎ  ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ

ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɛɚɥɚɧɫɚȿɌɗȻɢɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɜɤɥɚɞɚɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ȼȼɉ ȼ  ɝɨɞɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɷɬɨɣ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ Ɇɢɧɷɤɨɧɨɦɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɊɎ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɵ ɱɬɨɛɵ

ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɢɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɜɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ©ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚª

%DVKPDNRYHWDOɌɚɤɚɹɪɚɛɨɬɚɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɚɟɟɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɬʋ

)XQGDPHQWDODQG$SSOLHG&OLPDWRORJ\YQR



ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ

ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢȽɨɫɞɨɤɥɚɞ

ȼɩɟɪɜɨɦɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɫɬɚɬɶɢɞɚɧɤɪɚɬɤɢɣɚɧɚɥɢɡɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵɩɨɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽȼɨɜɬɨɪɨɦ

ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɆɌɎɄɉȽȼ

ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɟɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɞɥɹɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɢɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɊɨɫɫɢɢɜɝɝȼɱɟɬɜɟɪ

ɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯɝɚɡɨɜɜɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ©ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚªȼɩɹɬɨɦɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɤɪɚɬɤɨ

ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉȽ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ

ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɤɝ

Ɉɩɵɬɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽ

ȼɦɢɪɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɢɧɚ

ɦɢɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉȽ Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨɄɚɣɢ.D\D/DPEHWDO'KDNDO

HWDOɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɉȽɪɚɜɧɵɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨ

ɫɬɢɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹȼȼɉɧɚɞɭɲɭɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɢɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨ

ɫɬɢɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɆɗȺɫɨɡɞɚɥɨɛɚɡɭɞɚɧɧɵɯɜɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɩɨɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭɫɬɪɚɧ

ɦɢɪɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɷɬɨɝɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚɧɚɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ

ɝɨɞɨɜ,($Ɉɞɧɚɤɨɜɷɬɨɦɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɮɚɤɬɨɪɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤ

ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɢɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟɫɞɜɢɝɢɢɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɤɥɢɦɚɬɚɚɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ

ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɜɧɟɦɧɟɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹȻɨɥɟɟɬɨɝɨɬɚɤɨɣɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɦɟɟɬ

ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯɝɞɟɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹɛɨɥɟɟɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵȼɧɢɯɦɨɝɭɬ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚɤɚɤɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟɂ

Ȼɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɵɦɞɥɹɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ%DVKPDNRY%DVKPDNRYHWDOD

ɑɚɫɬɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ Ʉɚɣɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ

ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɨɜɛɟɡɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɨɰɟɧɤɢɜɤɥɚɞɚɤɚɠɞɨɝɨɢɡ

ɧɢɯɜɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɢɥɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɉȽ

Ⱦɥɹɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦɧɨɝɢɯɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯɡɚɞɚɱɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɬɚɝɪɟɝɢ

ɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɧɚɭɪɨɜɧɟɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɜɰɟɥɨɦɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɭɩɨɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɜɯɨɞɹ

ɳɢɦ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɢ

ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ

ɦɟɬɨɞɚ/0',±ɫɪɟɞɧɟɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɢɧɞɟɤɫɚȾɢɜɢɡɢɚ$QJ&KRL

$QJ&KRL$QJ&KRL%DVKPDNRY0\VKDN%LQ$QJ

&DKLOO*DOODFKyLU.RLODNRXHWDO/HH.LPɈɛɡɨɪɷɬɢɯɪɚɛɨɬ

ɞɚɧ ɜ *RK$QJ  Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ

ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (QHUGDWD ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ

ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɧɨɜɵɣɞɪɚɣɜɟɪ±ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟɫɞɜɢɝɢɜɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟɤɨɬɨ

ɪɵɟɨɱɟɧɶɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɜɥɢɹɸɬɤɚɤɧɚɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɬɚɤɢɧɚɞɢɧɚ

ɦɢɤɭ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉȽ ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɆɵɲɚɤȺȾȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȼȺɢɞɪ

%DVKPDNRY,$0\VKDN$'%DVKPDNRY9$HWDO



ɞɪɭɝɢɟ±ɧɟɫɬɨɥɶɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɁɧɚɱɢ

ɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉȽ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ

ɢɦɟɧɧɨɬɚɤɢɦɢɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢɫɞɜɢɝɚɦɢ(QHUGDWDȿɫɥɢɷɮɮɟɤɬɬɟɯɧɨ

ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɬɨɟɫɬɶɪɨɫɬɚɞɨɥɢɛɨɥɟɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɢɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɛɨɥɟɟɞɨɪɨ

ɝɢɯɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜɬɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟɫɞɜɢɝɢɜɛɨɥɶɲɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ

ɰɟɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɲɨɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɭɞɨɪɨɠɚɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

%DVKPDNRY

ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɩɪɹɦɨɝɨɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɜ/0',ɤɨɜɫɟɣɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ

ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɨɜɫɟɯɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɭɸɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɩɪɢɪɨɞɭɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬɫɹɜɪɚɡɧɵɯɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯɢɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɧɟ

ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɫɨɛɳɢɦɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɦɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɞɥɹɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨɱɚɫɬɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ

ȼȼɉɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɩɪɨɤɫɢȼɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ

ɧɨɫɬɢɜɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɜɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɟɞɢɧɢ

ɰɚɯɦɬɨɧɧɵɬɤɦɤȼɬɱɢɬɞɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɟɦɨɝɭɬɛɵɬɶɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɵȻɵɥɨ

ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ &DKLOO *DOODFKyLU  ɱɬɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ

ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ

ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɤɚɤɧɚɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯɬɚɤɢɧɚɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣɫɬɨ

ɢɦɨɫɬɢ/HH.LP  ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɥɢɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɘɠɧɨɣɄɨɪɟɢɢɩɪɢɲɥɢɤɜɵɜɨɞɭɱɬɨɜɤɥɚɞ

ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɸɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ©ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹɩɟɪɟɨ

ɰɟɧɟɧɧɵɦɟɫɥɢɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɟɝɨɛɟɡɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɨɛɴɟɦɚɩɪɨ

ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚª Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɱɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɚ ɧɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɟɬɨɞɚ/0',ɩɪɢɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɣɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɧɮɨɪ

ɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢ

ɡɢɬɶɫɹɤɨɰɟɧɤɟɜɤɥɚɞɚɢɦɟɧɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɢɦɟɸɬɨɞɢɧɧɟɞɨ

ɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ

.RLODNRX HW DO  ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ

ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɫɜɹɡɟɣɦɟɠɞɭɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɇɚɩɪɢ

ɦɟɪɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɫɭɝɥɹɧɚɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣɝɚɡɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɛɨɥɟɟɧɢɡɤɨɦɭɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ

ɟɧɬɭɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɢɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɛɨɥɟɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢɚɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣɢɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɉȽɧɨɢɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɨɬɟɪɢɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɨɧɢɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɜ

ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɤɚɤɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɭɸɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ

ɆɨɞɟɥɶɆɌɎɄɉȽ

Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢɷɧɟɪ

ɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚɧɚɪɢɫɈɧɚɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚɢɡɚɩɪɨ

ɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɆɌɎɄɉȽ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ /0',

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɬʋ

)XQGDPHQWDODQG$SSOLHG&OLPDWRORJ\YQR



ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶɜɢɞɨɜɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜɢ

ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ

ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɬɨɥɶɤɨɨɞɢɧɜɢɞɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɞɟɹ

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɌɨɥɶɤɨɜɢɞɨɜɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɫɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦɛɨɥɶɲɨɣɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚ

ɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɩɢɬɚɧɢɹɧɚɩɢɬɤɨɜɢɬɚɛɚɤɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵɮɢɡɢ

ɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɜɢɞɨɜɞɟɹ

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ȼ

ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɤɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɆɌɎɄ

ɉȽɬɚɤɠɟɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɜɫɟɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɤɥɸ

ɱɚɹɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɢɬɟɩɥɚɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɭɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧ

ɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ

ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɢɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɷɬɢɯɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɬɟɪɦɨ

ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ

ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ bottom-up

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ

ɜɧɢɡ top-down ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɤɚɤɫɭɦɦɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɩɨɜɢɞɚɦɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨɤɚɤɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ

ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɬɬɨɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ

ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɭɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣɢɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣɷɥɟɤ

ɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥɗɋ Ƚɗɋ

ȽɟɨɌɗɋɢɞɪȼɂɗɫɚɥɶɞɨɛɚɥɚɧɫɚɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚɢɢɦɩɨɪɬɚɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɉɪɢɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢɩɨɞɯɨɞɚbottom-up ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɤɚɤɫɭɦɦɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɩɨɜɫɟɦɜɢɞɚɦɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ

ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɧɟɜɹɡɤɭ

ȼɆɌɎɄɉȽɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɫɟɦɢɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɧɚ ɞɢɧɚ

ɦɢɤɭ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɜɹɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɱɬɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɨɛɴɟ

ɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ

ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ

ɩɪɨɱɢɯɪɚɜɧɵɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɌɟɯ

ɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ

ɫɱɟɬɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹɛɨɥɟɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜɢɥɢɭɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹɡɞɚɧɢɣɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟɫɞɜɢɝɢɧɚɭɪɨɜɧɟɫɟɤɬɨ

ɪɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸɜɥɟɱɟɬɡɚɫɨɛɨɣɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ

ɩɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɞɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜɜɢɞɨɜ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ

ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɜɢɞɨɜɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɞɚɸɬɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ

ɧɵɣɷɮɮɟɤɬɜɪɚɦɤɚɯɤɚɠɞɨɝɨɢɡɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜɜɫɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɜɯɨɞɹɬ 

ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯɜɢɞɨɜɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɆɵɲɚɤȺȾȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȼȺɢɞɪ

%DVKPDNRY,$0\VKDN$'%DVKPDNRY9$HWDO



ȿɳɟɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɧɭɠɞɵɧɚɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɢɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣɷɧɟɪ

ɝɢɢɢɩɨɬɟɪɢɜɫɟɬɹɯɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɢɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɌɚɤɨɟɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɞɥɹ

ɨɰɟɧɤɢɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽ

ɊɢɫɭɧɨɤȺɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɆɌɎɄɉȽɞɥɹɨɰɟɧɤɢɜɤɥɚɞɚɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɜɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɢɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉ

Bashmakov et al., 2023a)

)LJXUH$UFKLWHFWXUHRIWKH5XVVLDQ07)&*+*V\VWHPWRDVVHVVWKHFRQWULEXWLRQVIURP

LQGLYLGXDOIDFWRUVWRWKHG\QDPLFVRIHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQDQG*'3HQHUJ\LQWHQVLW\

Bashmakov et al., 2023a

ʦʺ˃ˇʶ-16-80-ʿʧ

ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɮɨɪɦɵɊɨɫɫɬɚɬɚɩɨ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɞɚɧɧɵɟɊɨɫɫɬɚɬɚɩɨ

ɜɢɞɚɦɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɢɡ

ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ

ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɉȽ

ɆɨɞɟɥɶɆɌɎɄ-16-80-ɉȽ

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟɨɛ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ

ɩɨɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢ-

ɬɟɥɹɦɢɜɢɞɚɦ

ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ

ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢɢ

ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ

ɉȽ

ȿɞɢɧɵɣɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨ-

ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

ɛɚɥɚɧɫȿɌɗȻ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɉȽ

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵɜɤɥɚɞɨɜ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɜ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɧɚ

ɛɚɡɟLMDI

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵɜɤɥɚɞɨɜ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɜɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ

ɉȽɧɚɛɚɡɟ LMDI

ȼɵɯɨɞɧɵɟɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵɦɨɞɟɥɢɆɌɎɄ-16-80-ɉȽ

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɢɞɨɜ

ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵɞɥɹɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵɞɥɹɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽ

ȼɢɞɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

Ɇɟɠɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ

ȼɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ

Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪ

Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬ-

ɜɟɧɧɵɯɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ

Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ

Ȼɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɢ

ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ

Ⱦɨɥɹɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ

ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ

ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ

ȼɫɟɝɨɩɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ 80

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ 5

Ɍɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ 7

Ⱦɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 13

Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 29

ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ 1

ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɟɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ 6

Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ 8

ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟɢ

ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ 1

ɋɮɟɪɚɭɫɥɭɝ 5

ɉɪɨɱɟɟ 1

ɀɢɥɢɳɧɵɣɫɟɤɬɨɪ 3

ɇɟɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ 1

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɬʋ

)XQGDPHQWDODQG$SSOLHG&OLPDWRORJ\YQR



ɄɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹȽɋɈɉɈɧɜɥɢ

ɹɟɬɧɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɜɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɢɬɨɩɥɢɜɟɧɚɰɟɥɢɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹɝɨɞ

ɛɵɥɛɨɥɟɟɬɟɩɥɵɦɱɟɦɝɨɞɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɩɪɢɩɪɨɱɢɯɪɚɜɧɵɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɫɧɢ

ɡɢɥɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɚ

ɬɚɤɠɟɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɇɨɷɬɨɧɟɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ

ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɟɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹȾɥɹɛɨɥɟɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ

ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɬɚɤɠɟɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɫɭɬɤɢɨɯɥɚɞɢ

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɨɞɧɚɤɨɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚɩɨɤɚɧɟɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧ

ɧɵɯɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣɬɚɤɠɟɜɥɢɹɟɬɧɚɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɉɪɢ

ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɯɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟɉɪɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɨɧɢɛɭɞɭɬɫɨɨɬɧɟ

ɫɟɧɵɫɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɨɛɴɟɦɨɦɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟ

ɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɫɟɝɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɧɚɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭɪɨɜɧɟ

Ȼɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɢɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ±ɷɬɨɬɮɚɤɬɨɪɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɱɬɨɪɨɫɬɩɨɬɪɟ

ɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɡɚɫɱɟɬɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɠɢɥɶɹɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɩɨɜɵ

ɲɟɧɢɟɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟɦɢɥɢɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ

ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ

ɤɚɤɪɨɫɬɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢɍɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɢɫɩɨɥɶ

ɡɭɟɦɵɯɬɨɩɥɢɜ±ɷɬɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɤɨɛɴɟɦɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɈɧɨɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹɩɨɦɟɪɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɯɷɧɟɪɝɨ

ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ Ⱦɨɥɹ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ

ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɜɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜɷɥɟɤ

ɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢɢɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɞɨɥɢɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɫɮɟɪɚɯɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɪɟ

ɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ȼɚɠɧɵɦɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦɆɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɫɬɪɚɧɨɜɵɯɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣɷɧɟɪɝɨ

ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣɆɗȺɢɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɧɚɧɟɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɧɭɠɞɵ±ɫɵɪɶɟɞɥɹɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɢɞɪɭɝɨɣɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɝɥɟɣɌɚɤɨɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɜɵɱɢɬɚɬɶɢɡɟɝɨɫɭɦ

ɦɚɪɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɨɧɨɧɟɫɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹɢɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɧɚɰɟɥɢ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹɗɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶȼȼɉɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɤɚɤɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɦɟɬɨ

ɞɨɦɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦɜɫɟɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɧɚȼȼɉɬɚɤɢɤɚɤɪɚɡ

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɚ

ɧɟɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɧɭɠɞɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹɧɚȼȼɉ

Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ /0', ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ

ɫɦ$QJ&KRL$QJ&KRL$QJ&KRL%LQ$QJ&DKLOO

*DOODFKyLU.RLODNRXHWDO/HH.LPɚɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɟɝɨɩɪɢ

ɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɆɌɎɄɉȽ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ Ȼɚɲɦɚɤɨɜ Ɇɵɲɚɤ 

%DVKPDNRY 0\VKDN  %DVKPDNRY 0\VKDN  ɆɗɊ ɊɎ 

%DVKPDNRYHWDOD

ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɛɚɡɨɣɆɌɎɄɉȽɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɞɚɧɧɵɟɮɨɪɦɫɬɚɬɢ

ɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢɊɨɫɫɬɚɬɚ©ɇɚɬɭɪɚª©ɌȿɄª©Ɍȿɉª©ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨ

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɆɵɲɚɤȺȾȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȼȺɢɞɪ

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

ɜɨɞª ©ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹª ©ɌɗɊª ©Ɍɉª ɫ  ɝɨɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɷɬɨɣɮɨɪɦɵ

ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ Ɋɨɫɫɬɚɬɨɦ ɚ Ɇɢɧɷɧɟɪɝɨ ©ɀɄɏª ©ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɛɚɥɚɧɫª

ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɝɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɯ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ

ɆɢɧɷɧɟɪɝɨɞɚɧɧɵɟɊɨɫɢɧɮɨɪɦɭɝɨɥɶɨɩɨɬɟɪɹɯɭɝɥɹɢɞɪȾɚɧɧɵɟɩɨȽɋɈɉɡɚ

ɝɨɞɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵɢɡɚɪɯɢɜɨɜɫɚɣɬɚZZZUSUXɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɬɚɤɠɟɞɚɧɧɵɟ

Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ

ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɢɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɉɪɚɜɞɚɩɨɧɟɮɬɢɢɝɚɡɭɡɚɝɨɞɨɧɢɧɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɸɬɫɹ

ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ

ɨɰɟɧɤɢɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɇɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɜɫɟɯɷɬɢɯɞɚɧɧɵɯɮɨɪɦɢ

ɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ȿɌɗȻ ɡɚ

 ɝɝ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ  ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɟɦɶ

ɝɪɭɩɩɭɝɨɥɶɫɵɪɚɹɧɟɮɬɶɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣɝɚɡɞɪɭ

ɝɢɟɜɢɞɵɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɢɬɟɩɥɨɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɡɚɬɟɦɫɭɦɦɢɪɭ

ɸɬɫɹɞɥɹɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɢɬɨɝɨɜȼȿɌɗȻɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɟɳɟɞɜɚɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ±ɚɬɨɦɧɚɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɢɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɚɹɜɤɥɸɱɚɹɝɢɞɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹȼɫɹɷɬɚɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɩɨɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢɩɨɜɢɞɚɦɞɟɹ

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ȿɌɗȻ ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ

ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɟ ȿɌɗȻ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨ

ɡɪɚɱɧɚ ɢ ©ɪɨɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɚɹª ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ

ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɞɚɧɧɵɯɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯɊɨɫɫɬɚɬɨɦɢɥɢɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ

ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ

ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɆɌɎɄɉȽ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠ

ɧɵɦɢɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜɱɟɪɟɡ

ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜɩɨɫɥɟɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɝɨɝɨɞɚɜɵɫɨɤɢɣɭɪɨɜɟɧɶɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ  ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ  ɮɚɤɬɨ

ɪɨɜɩɨɥɧɨɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨɟɣ

ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȿɌɗȻ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɚɦɨɣ

ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɆɌɎɄɉȽ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ

ɦɟɬɪɢɤɚɦɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɢɩɨɲɟɫɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɤɚɦɨɰɟɧɤɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽ

ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹɭɬɟɱɤɢɢɪɚɫɱɟɬɵɤɚɤɩɨɩɪɹɦɵɦɬɚɤɢɩɨɫɭɦɦɟɩɪɹɦɵɯɢɤɨɫɜɟɧ

ɧɵɯɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽ

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉ

Ɋɨɫɫɬɚɬɫɨɨɛɳɢɥɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨȼȼɉ ɧɚ ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ

ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣ

ɫɤɨɣɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢɜɍɤɪɚɢɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɜɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟɨɬɞɨȼ

ɝɨɞɭɝɥɭɛɢɧɚɢɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢɫɚɧɤɰɢɣɛɵɥɚɦɟɧɶɲɟɨɠɢɞɚɜɲɟɣɫɹɚ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɱɟɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ

ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢɤɫɚɧɤɰɢɹɦɡɚɫɱɟɬɪɟɡɤɨɝɨɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɪɚɫ

ɯɨɞɨɜ ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ

ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɢɦɩɨɪɬɚɩɪɢɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɦɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɢɧɚɮɨɧɟɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ

ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹɫɩɪɨɫɚɡɚɫɱɟɬɦɢɥɢɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɩɪɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɯɧɟɮɬɟɝɚ

ɡɨɜɵɯɞɨɯɨɞɚɯȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɝɨɞɭ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨɦɥɧɬɭɬɱɬɨɧɚɦɟɧɶɲɟɱɟɦɜɝɨɞɭɈɫɧɨɜɧɨɣɩɪɢ

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɬʋ

)XQGDPHQWDODQG$SSOLHG&OLPDWRORJ\YQR



ɱɢɧɨɣɟɝɨɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɧɚɧɟɷɧɟɪɝɟ

ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɧɚ  ɦɥɧ ɬɭɬ Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ

ɬɚɤɠɟɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɜ

ɝɨɞɭɈɞɧɚɤɨɨɧɢɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹɜɨɰɟɧɤɟɝɥɭɛɢɧɵɷɬɨɝɨɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ

ɨɬɞɨ(QHUGDWD(QHUJ\,QVWLWXWH

ȼɤɥɚɞ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɝɨɞɭɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɦɥɧɬɭɬɪɢɫȼɝɨɞɭ

ɜɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟɫɞɜɢɝɢɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɚɤɬɢɜ

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɋɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɢɧɞɟɤɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ

ɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ

ɪɟɡɤɨɭɩɚɥɢɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ

ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚɋɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɚɭɪɨɜɧɟɝɨɞɚɩɪɨ

ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɛɭɦɚɝɢɢɤɚɪɬɨɧɚɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɩɚɪɤɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣɢɪɚɛɨɬɚɠɟɥɟɡɧɨ

ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ȼɵɪɨɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ

ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɢɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢɫɶɩɥɨɳɚɞɢɠɢɥɵɯɡɞɚɧɢɣɢ

ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɭɫɥɭɝ Ɋɚɜɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɤɬɨ

ɪɚɦɢɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɪɨɫɬɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɚɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟɫɞɜɢɝɢɜ

ɝɨɞɭɟɝɨɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɥɢɪɢɫ

ȼɝɨɞɭɡɚɫɱɟɬɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɱɬɢ  ɦɥɧ ɬɭɬ Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ

ɜɤɥɚɞɚɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨɬɦɥɧɬɭɬɞɨɦɥɧɬɭɬɈɧɜ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɰɟɧɨɤɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɠɢɞɤɨɝɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɧɚ

ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɦɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɢɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɜɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɉɪɢɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚ

ɬɢɜɧɨɣɨɰɟɧɤɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɧɚɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɦɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟ

ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢɩɚɪɤɚɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹɱɬɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɬɨɪɦɨ

ɡɢɥ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ

ɨɰɟɧɤɢɜɤɥɚɞɚɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɧɚɪɟɡɤɢɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɜɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟ

ɫɤɢɯɞɚɧɧɵɯɟɝɨɜɤɥɚɞɜɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɧɟɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬɦɥɧ

ɬɭɬɜɝɨɞɭ

ȼ  ɝɨɞɚɯ ɜɫɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ȼȼɉ

Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɤɪɭɝɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ

ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢɧɢɤɪɨɫɬɭɧɢɤɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸɪɢɫɗɬɨɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɪɟɡ

ɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮ

ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ  ɝɨɞɚ ȼɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ȼȼɉ

ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨɧɚɨɞɧɨɦɭɪɨɜɧɟɩɨɫɥɟɝɨɞɚɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹɫɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢɟɟɞɢɧɚ

ɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɟ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ

(QHUGDWD(QHUJ\,QVWLWXWH

ɗɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶȼȼɉɡɚɜɵɱɟɬɨɦɧɟɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɧɭɠɞɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɨɫɧɨɜ

ɧɵɦɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɱɟɬɚɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨ

ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɊɨɫɫɢɢȼɝɨɞɭɨɧɚɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚɬɭɬɦɥɧɪɭɛɜɰɟɧɚɯ

 ɝɨɞɚ ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ  ɜɵɲɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ  ɝɨɞɚ ɧɨ ɧɚ  ɧɢɠɟ

ɭɪɨɜɧɹɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ȼȼɉ ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ

ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɆɵɲɚɤȺȾȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȼȺɢɞɪ

%DVKPDNRY,$0\VKDN$'%DVKPDNRY9$HWDO



ɫɛɵɬɚɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɧɟɮɬɟɢɝɚɡɨɯɢɦɢɢɢɡɡɚɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯɫɚɧɤɰɢɣɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨ

ɜɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ȼȼɉ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɭɠɞ ɜ

ɝɨɞɚɯɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢɜɝɨɞȼɝɨɞɚɯɡɚɫɱɟɬɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢ

ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨɬɨɥɶɤɨɉɪɢ

ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɷɬɚɨɰɟɧɤɚɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹɞɨ

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤȼɤɥɚɞɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɜɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɝɨɞɚɯ

ɩɨ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɭɠɞ) (ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɆɌɎɄ-16-80-ɉȽ

ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ɋɨɫɫɬɚɬɚ

)LJXUH&RQWULEXWLRQVIURPLQGLYLGXDOVHFWRUVWRWKHHYROXWLRQRIHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQLQ

sector totals, non-energy use excluded) (estimated by authors using the MTFC-16-80-GHG based on

Rosstat’s data

ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ȼɫɟɝɨ

ɗɤɨɧɨ

ɦɢɱɟɫ

ɤɚɹ

ɚɤɬɢɜ

ɧɨɫɬɶ

ɋɬɪɭɤ

ɬɭɪɚɧɚ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟ

ɫɟɤɬɨ

ɪɨɜ

ɋɬɪɭɤ

ɬɭɪɚɧɚ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟ

ɩɨɞɫɟɤ

ɬɨɪɨɜ

Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨ

ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪ

Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ

ȽɋɈɉ

Ɂɚɝɪɭɡ

ɤɚ

ɩɪɨɢɡ

ɜɨɞɫɬ

ɜɟɧɧɵɯ

ɦɨɳ

ɧɨɫɬɟɣ

Ȼɥɚɝɨ

ɭɫɬɪɨɣ

ɫɬɜɨɢ

ɨɛɟɫɩɟ

ɱɟɧ

ɧɨɫɬɶ

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

2022/2015 74 469 65 004 36 813 -3 503 -24 150 2 214 -2 694 785

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɬʋ

)XQGDPHQWDODQG$SSOLHG&OLPDWRORJ\YQR



ɊɢɫɭɧɨɤȾɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɊɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣɎɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢɜɝɨɞɚɯ

ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɐɗɇɗɎ-XXI ɩɨ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ɆɗɊ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ɋɨɫɫɬɚɬɚ

)LJXUH(YROXWLRQRI*'3HQHUJ\LQWHQVLW\LQWKH5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQLQ

estimated by CENEF-XXI based on Rosstat’s data using the MTFC-16-80-GHG

ȼɝɨɞɭɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶȼȼɉɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɚɫɶɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟɌɨɥɶɤɨ

ɨɞɢɧɢɡɬɪɟɯɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ

ɧɚɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɧɭɠɞɵɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣɭɥɭɱɲɢɥɫɹɜɝɨɞɭɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɟɪɚɫ

ɯɨɞɵɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɍɊɍɌɧɚɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɵɪɨɫɥɢɚɞɨɥɹɩɨɬɟɪɶɜ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɟɬɹɯɨɫɬɚɥɚɫɶɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣȼɝɨɞɭɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤ

ɬɨɪɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɧɟɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸɚɪɨɫɬɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟ

ɬɢɤɟɩɨɱɬɢɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬɗɬɨɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɥɨɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉ

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬɛɨɥɶɲɢɟɪɢɫɤɢɪɨɫɬɚɍɊɍɌɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɜɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟɝɨɞɵ

ȼɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɡɚɫɱɟɬɛɨɥɟɟɬɟɩɥɨɣɩɨɝɨɞɵɜɝɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢɜɩɟɪɜɢɱ

ɧɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɞɥɹɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɫɧɢɡɢɥɢɫɶɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬȼ

ɝɨɞɭɞɜɚɢɡɬɪɟɯɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɬɟɩɥɨ

ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟɪɚɫɯɨɞɵɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɧɚɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɢɧɚɌɗɋɭɥɭɱɲɢɥɢɫɶɚ

ɞɨɥɹɩɨɬɟɪɶɜɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɜɵɪɨɫɥɚ Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɜ

ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ

ɬɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟɜɝɨɞɭɧɚɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɟɦɥɧɬɭɬ

ȼɝɨɞɭɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟɪɚɫɯɨɞɵɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɧɚɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯɜɢɞɨɜ

ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨɢɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨɫɵɪɶɹɢɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶɪɚɡɧɨɧɚɩɪɚɜ

ɥɟɧɧɨɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɫɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɟɣɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɪɢɜɟɥɢɤɪɨɫɬɭ

ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɢɥɢɤɛɨɥɟɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦɭɢɯɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸɊɚɜɧɨɞɟɣ

ɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹɪɚɡɧɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɞɨɛɵ

ɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɱɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜ 

ɝɨɞɭɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɫɧɢɡɢɬɶɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬ

Ɂɚɫɱɟɬɩɚɞɟɧɢɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɩɪɨɦɵɲ

ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɜɝɨɞɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬɗɧɟɪɝɨ

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɆɵɲɚɤȺȾȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȼȺɢɞɪ

%DVKPDNRY,$0\VKDN$'%DVKPDNRY9$HWDO



ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɜɰɟɥɨɦɜɝɨɞɭɨɫɬɚɥɚɫɶ

ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣɚɩɪɢɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢɧɚɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɭɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɦɨɳɧɨ

ɫɬɟɣ±ɜɵɪɨɫɥɚɧɚȼɬɨɪɨɣɪɚɡɫɝɨɞɚɛɚɥɚɧɫɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɢɫɧɢɠɟ

ɧɢɹɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɧɚɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɜɢɞɨɜɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ

ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɤɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨɡɚ ɫɱɟɬɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬȼɝɨɞɭɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟɪɚɫɯɨɞɵɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶɜ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɱɭɝɭɧɚɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɯɩɥɢɬ

ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɧɨɜɵɪɨɫɥɢɩɪɢɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɫɬɚɥɢɚɦɦɢɚɤɚɫɢɧɬɟɬɢ

ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣɚɡɨɬɧɵɯɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɨɜɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯɢɤɢɪɩɢɱɚɫɬɪɨ

ɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɋɚɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɱɬɨɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɁɚ

ɫɱɟɬɪɨɫɬɚɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɜɝɨɞɭɩɨɬɪɟ

ɛɥɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɵɪɨɫɥɨɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬɌɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɜɝɨɞɭ

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬ

ȼɝɨɞɭɨɛɴɟɦɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣɪɚɛɨɬɵɭɩɚɥɧɚɱɬɨɜɵɡɜɚɥɨɫɧɢ

ɠɟɧɢɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɡɚɫɱɟɬɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬɌɟɯɧɨ

ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɜɝɨɞɭɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɜɫɬɨɪɨɧɭɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ

ɜɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɟɪɚɫɯɨɞɵɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɝɨɞɭɫɧɢɠɚɥɢɫɶ

ɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɦɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ

ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɪɟɡɤɨɝɨɪɨɫɬɚɜɤɥɚɞɚɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɝɨɞɭɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ

ɫɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦɜɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɝɨɪɨɫɬɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɠɢɞɤɨɝɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɧɚ

ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɦɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟȻɟɡɷɬɨɝɨɨɧɛɵɥɛɵɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬɧɢɠɟɬɨɟɫɬɶ

ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ

Ɂɚɫɱɟɬɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɫɮɟɪɟɡɚɛɨɪɚɨɱɢɫɬɤɢɢ

ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɜɨɞɵɫɛɨɪɚɢɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɫɬɨɱɧɵɯɜɨɞɫɛɨɪɚɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɢɭɬɢ

ɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɨɬɯɨɞɨɜɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɛɵɬɨɜɨɟɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɨɛɴɟɦɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪ

ɝɢɢ ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɧɚ  ɦɥɧ ɬɭɬ ɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ

ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ  ɦɥɧ ɬɭɬ Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɝɨɞɭ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɫɮɟɪɟɭɫɥɭɝɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬȻɸɞɠɟɬɨɮɢ

ɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ

ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɜ 

ɝɨɞɚɯɧɟɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸɜɫɮɟɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɚ

ɦɥɧɬɭɬɧɨɞɚɥɢɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸɦɥɧɬɭɬɜɫɮɟɪɟɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟ

ɧɢɹɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɢɫɶɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟɪɚɫɯɨɞɵɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɢɩɪɨɱɟɣ

ɫɮɟɪɟɭɫɥɭɝɜɤɨɬɨɪɭɸɜɯɨɞɹɬɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɭɫɥɭɝɢɫɜɹɡɢɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚɢɞɪ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦɪɨɫɬɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦɫɟɤɬɨɪɟɜ

 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ  ɦɥɧ ɬɭɬ ɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɢɦ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ± ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ  ɦɥɧ ɬɭɬ

ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɧɨɜɵɯɛɨɥɟɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɡɞɚɧɢɣɢɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɬɟɩɥɨ

ɡɚɳɢɬɵɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɪɨɫɬɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦɝɨɪɹ

ɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ Ƚȼɋ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦɫɟɤɬɨɪɟɡɚɫɱɟɬɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜ

ɝɨɞɭɧɚɦɥɧɬɭɬɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɜɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ

ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦɢ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɥɫɹ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɬʋ

)XQGDPHQWDODQG$SSOLHG&OLPDWRORJ\YQR



ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɫɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ©ɭɦɧɵɦɢªɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦɢɭɱɟɬɚɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɯɨɬɹɬɟɦɩɵɨɬɫɬɚɸɬɨɬɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦȼɰɟɥɨɦɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵɩɨɜɵ

ɲɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦɫɟɤɬɨɪɟɢɞɭɬɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɢɜɤɥɚɞɬɟɯ

ɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɩɨɫɥɟɝɨɞɚɧɢɪɚɡɭɧɟɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɦɥɧɬɭɬɗɬɨ

ɩɪɢɬɨɦɱɬɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɩɪɢɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɩɨɢɬɨɝɚɦɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮ

ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ

ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɨɠɟɬɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶɚɩɪɢɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɞɨɭɪɨɜɧɹɡɞɚɧɢɹɤɥɚɫɫɚȺɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹɦɨɠɟɬɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɧɚɧɭɠɞɵȽȼɋɪɚɜɟɧɈɞɧɚɤɨɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɧɟɬɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸ

ɳɢɯɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɹɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɛɵɥɢɛɵɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵɰɟɥɢ

ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪ

ɬɢɪɧɵɯɞɨɦɨɜɆɄȾɢɥɢɰɟɥɟɜɵɟɨɛɴɟɦɵɨɯɜɚɬɚɆɄȾɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ

ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɪɟɦɨɧɬɨɦȾɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵɢɩɪɨɟɤɬɵɧɨɜɵɯɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚ

ɸɬɫɹɠɟɫɬɤɨɣɤɪɢɬɢɤɟȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȻɨɪɢɫɨɜ

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɢ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹɉɚɞɟɧɢɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɤɨɪ

ɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɧɚɢɧɮɥɹɰɢɸɰɟɧɧɚɷɧɟɪɝɢɸɞɥɹɪɚɡɧɵɯɜɢɞɨɜɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɜɝɨɞɚɯɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨɱɬɨɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ

ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɨɜɤɥɚɞɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ

ɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɪɢ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɢ ɱɬɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɩɨɰɟɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɬɨɥɶɤɨɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹɱɬɨɡɚɷɬɢɝɨɞɵ

ɧɟɞɨɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨɨɬɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɷɬɢɯ

ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯȼɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɨɬɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɰɟɧɵɧɚɷɧɟɪɝɢɸɧɚ

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɱɬɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ

ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɜɤɥɚɞɚɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɷɬɨɦɫɟɤɬɨɪɟȾɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɰɟɧ

ɧɚɷɧɟɪɝɢɸɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɭɸɧɚɛɵɬɨɜɵɟɧɭɠɞɵɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɬɚɤɠɟɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨ

ɜɚɥɚɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

ȼɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨɊɨɫɫɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡɫɚɦɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ

ɦɢɪɚɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹɜɟɪɧɵɦȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȼɝɨɞɭɊɨɫɫɢɹɩɨɭɪɨɜɧɸɩɪɨ

ɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɹɥɚ ɟ

ɦɟɫɬɨɢɡɫɬɪɚɧɁɚɊɨɫɫɢɟɣɫɥɟɞɭɸɬɬɨɥɶɤɨɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹɄɨɪɟɹɂɪɚɧɄɭɜɟɣɬ

ȻɭɬɚɧȻɚɯɪɟɣɧȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚɢɌɭɪɤɦɟɧɢɫɬɚɧ(,$ȼɝɨɞɭɷɧɟɪɝɨ

ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶȼȼɉɊɨɫɫɢɢɛɵɥɚɫɚɦɨɣɜɵɫɨɤɨɣɫɪɟɞɢɫɬɪɚɧ*Ɋɨɫɫɢɹɩɨɭɪɨɜɧɸ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶɧɚɦɦɟɫɬɟɢɡɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟ

ɥɟɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɜɦɢɪɟɪɢɫ

Ɇɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ Ɋɨɫ

ɫɢɢɜɝɨɞɭɞɚɠɟɩɪɢɪɚɫɱɟɬɟɩɨɩɚɪɢɬɟɬɭɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ

ɉɉɋɪɚɡɪɵɜɵɜɭɪɨɜɧɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶ

ɧɵɦɢ ɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ ɞɨ  ɪɚɡɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ Ʉɚɧɚɞɨɣ  ɪɚɡɚ±ɫ

Ʉɢɬɚɟɦɩɨɱɬɢɞɨɪɚɡɩɨɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸɫɦɢɪɨɦɜɰɟɥɨɦɪɚɡɚ±ɫɋɒȺ

ɪɚɡɚ±ɫəɩɨɧɢɟɣɢɞɨɪɚɡɚ±ɫȿɋȼɝɨɞɭɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶȼȼɉɊɨɫɫɢɢ

ɜɵɪɨɫɥɚɧɚɮɨɧɟɟɟɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɜɦɢɪɟɜɰɟɥɨɦɧɚɚɜȿɋ±ɧɚȼ

ɝɨɞɚɯɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶȼȼɉɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɜɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɪɨɫɥɚɧɚȼȿɋ

ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɟɬɟɦɩɵɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢɜɋɒȺ

ɢɌɭɪɰɢɢ±ɜɄɢɬɚɟ±ɜȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ±ɜɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ±

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɆɵɲɚɤȺȾȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȼȺɢɞɪ

%DVKPDNRY,$0\VKDN$'%DVKPDNRY9$HWDO



(QHUGDWDȼɝɨɞɭɹɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɚɹɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹɩɨ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɢɡɜɚɥɚɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶȼȼɉɛɨɥɟɟɱɟɦɧɚ

ɜɝɨɞɞɨɝ,($

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɫɬɪɚɧɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɩɨɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉ

ɩɨɉɉɋɜɝɨɞɭ

ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ: Enerdata. 2023

World Energy & Climate Statistics – Yearbook 2023

)LJXUH&RPSDULVRQRIPDMRUHQHUJ\FRQVXPLQJFRXQWULHVE\*'3HQHUJ\LQWHQVLW\DW333

LQSULFHV

Developed by authors based on data from:Enerdata. 2023. World Energy& Climate Statistics –

Yearbook 2023

Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɚɥɚ ɝɨɧɤɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɨɫɥɟ

ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯɪɟɮɨɪɦɊɨɫɫɢɹɭɥɭɱɲɢɥɚɫɜɨɣɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɩɨɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮ

ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɝɨɞɚɯɈɞɧɚɤɨɩɨɫɥɟɝɨɞɚɩɪɢɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɟɤɞɨɦɢ

ɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸɝɨɫɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɜɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟɢɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɩɨɫɥɟɝɨɞɚɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ

ɫɜɟɪɧɭɬɚɝɨɫɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɩɨɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɫɟ

ɷɬɢɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɛɵɥɢɭɬɟɪɹɧɵɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹɬɪɟɬɶɜɟɤɚɤɨɬɨɪɭɸɦɨɠɧɨɛɵɥɨ

ɛɵɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɞɥɹɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɜɭɪɨɜɧɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɩɪɨ

ɫɬɨɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɚɇɢɤɚɤɨɝɨɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚɜɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɟɩɨɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɡɚ

ɝɨɞɚɊɨɫɫɢɹɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚɋɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ

ɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ  ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɨɜ ɜ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ȼȼɉ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥɢ ɧɟ

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ  ɝ ɧɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ

ɫɚɦɵɯɧɢɡɤɢɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɣɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɯ

Ɋɚɡɪɵɜɵɜɭɪɨɜɧɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɛɨɥɟɟɧɢɡ

ɤɢɦɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɊɨɫɫɢɢɩɨɭɪɨɜɧɸȼȼɉɧɚɞɭɲɭɧɚɫɟɥɟ

ɧɢɹɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɢɩɨɭɪɨɜɧɸɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣɚɬɚɤɠɟ

ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɥɹɰɢɸ

ɰɟɧɚɦɢɧɚɷɧɟɪɝɢɸɜɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɇɢɡɤɢɟɰɟɧɵɧɚɷɧɟɪɝɢɸɬɚɤɠɟɜɥɢ

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɬʋ

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

ɹɸɬɧɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹɪɨɥɶɊɨɫɫɢɢɜɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɪɚɡɞɟ

ɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɯ

ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɈɧɢ

ɧɟɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸȼɢɬɨɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɵɫɛɨɥɟɟ

ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ

ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɭɧɢɯɜɵɲɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶȼȼɉɚɞɨɥɹɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɧɚɷɧɟɪɝɢɸɜȼȼɉ

ɧɟɧɢɠɟɚɞɚɠɟɜɵɲɟɱɟɦɜɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɫɛɨɥɟɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢɰɟɧɚɦɢɧɚɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ

Ɂɚɦɟɬɧɨɦɟɧɶɲɟɟɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɧɚɪɚɡɪɵɜɜɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɫɬɪɚ

ɧɚɦɢ±ɜɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ±ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɪɚɡɧɢɰɚɜɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɪɚɡ

ɦɟɪ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ

%DVKPDNRYHWDOE%DVKPDNRYȼɵɫɨɤɚɹɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɞɥɹɊɨɫ

ɫɢɢɢɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚɜɟɟɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢɜɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ

ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɬɨɝɨɦɤɪɚɣɧɟɧɢɡɤɨɝɨɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪ

ɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɢɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟɊɨɫɫɢɢɩɨɫɥɟ

ɝɨɞɚȼɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɚ$&(((ɩɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜɫɮɟɪɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤ

ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɝɨɞɊɨɫɫɢɹɡɚɧɹɥɚɟɦɟɫɬɨɢɡɫɬɪɚɧɧɚɛɪɚɜɜɫɭɦɦɟ

ɬɨɥɶɤɨɛɚɥɥɨɜɢɡɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯɩɪɨɬɢɜɛɚɥɥɨɜɭɎɪɚɧɰɢɢɦɟɫɬɨ

ɢɥɢɛɚɥɥɨɜɭɄɢɬɚɹɦɟɫɬɨɁɚɊɨɫɫɢɟɣɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶɬɨɥɶɤɨɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ

ȺɪɚɜɢɹɘȺɊɢɈȺɗ6XEUDPDQLDQHWDO

ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɪɨɫɬȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜ

Ⱦɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ȼȼɉ

ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɛɢɡɧɟɫɚɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ

ɧɚɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸɫɪɟɞɭɢɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ

Ɋɨɫɫɢɢɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɶɭɫɢɥɢɹɞɥɹɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɜ

ɞɜɚɪɚɡɚ

ȺɧɚɥɢɡɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɜɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ©ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚª

Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɆɌɎɄɉȽ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɨɬɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ©ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚªɊɨɫɫɢɢɜɲɟɫɬɢɪɟɠɢɦɚɯɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɋɈɢɥɢɬɪɟɯɉȽɋɈɋɇɢ1Ɉɫɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦɢɥɢɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɨɬɭɬɟɱɟɤɢɩɪɢɪɚɫɱɟɬɟɩɨɩɪɹɦɵɦɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢɥɢɫɪɚɡɧɟɫɟɧɢɟɦ

ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉȽ ɩɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɝɞɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ±ɫɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɱɢɫɥɨɦɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɞɥɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɜɰɟɥɨɦ

ɪɚɜɧɵɦȽɥɚɜɧɚɹɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɨɞɟɥɢ±ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɡɚɫɱɟɬ

ɜɤɥɚɞɚɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɋɪɚɜɧɟ

ɧɢɟɨɰɟɧɤɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɜɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ©ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚªɩɨɦɨɞɟɥɢɆɌɎɄɉȽ

ɫɞɚɧɧɵɦɢɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣɞɨɤɥɚɞ«ɡɚ

 ɝɨɞɵ ɞɚɟɬ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɉȽ ɜ

ɆɌɎɄɉȽɬɨɥɶɤɨɋɈɋɇɢ12ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɯɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣɧɟ

ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ

ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɚɩɥɢɧɝ ± ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉȽ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ȼȼɉ ɜ  ɝɨɞɚɯ ± ɫɦɟɧɢɥɫɹ ©ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ

ɞɟɤɚɩɥɢɧɝɨɦªɜɝɨɞɭ±ɪɨɫɬɨɦɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɩɪɢɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢȼȼɉɪɢɫ

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɆɵɲɚɤȺȾȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȼȺɢɞɪ

%DVKPDNRY,$0\VKDN$'%DVKPDNRY9$HWDO



ɉɨɨɰɟɧɤɟɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɉȽɨɬɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ©ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚªɜɝɨɞɭɜɵɪɨɫɥɢɧɚ

ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹɧɚɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟȼȼɉɧɚȼɊɨɫɫɢɢɜɩɟɪɜɵɟɫɝɨɞɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ

ȼȼɉɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɥɨɫɶɧɟɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦɚɪɨɫɬɨɦɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɜɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ©ɷɧɟɪɝɟ

ɬɢɤɚªɋɢɥɶɧɵɣ©ɤɚɩɥɢɧɝªɯɫɦɟɧɢɥɫɹɨɱɟɧɶɫɥɚɛɵɦɩɨɫɥɟɝȺɜ

ɝɝɝɝɝɝɝɢɝɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɫɹɞɟɤɚɩɥɢɧɝ

ɊɢɫɭɧɨɤȾɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɜɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ©ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚªɢȼȼɉɜɝɝ

(ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ɋɨɫɫɬɚɬɚ (ȼȼɉ),

ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɤɚɞɚɫɬɪɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ

ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ Ɇɨɧɪɟɚɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ,

ɡɚ 1990-2021 ɝɝ. ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉȽɜ 2022 ɝ.)

)LJXUH(YROXWLRQRIHQHUJ\UHODWHG*+*HPLVVLRQDQG*'3LQ

(developed by authors based on data from: Rosstat (GDP),

National Inventory Report of anthropogenic emissions from sources and removals by sinks of

greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol for 1990-2021; and authors’ estimates of

GHG emission in 2022 based on the MTFC-16-80-GHG)

ȼɝɨɞɭɪɨɫɬɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɬɚɤɠɟɧɟɭɞɚɥɨɫɶɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ

ɉɨɨɰɟɧɤɟ,($ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɉȽɨɬɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ©ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚªɢɨɬɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ

ɧɵɯɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜɜɵɪɨɫɥɢɧɚɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜɢɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢɪɟɤɨɪɞ

ɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɜɫɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ  ɦɥɪɞ ɬ ɋɈɷɤɜ ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ

ɫɭɦɦɚɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɨɬɷɬɢɯɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɜɝɨɞɭɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜ

ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣɷɦɢɫɫɢɢɧɨɜɵɪɨɫɥɚɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ±ɧɚ

ɉɨɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɜɢɞɚɦɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɉȽɢɡɦɟɧɹ

ɥɢɫɶɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɭɱɟɬɨɦɭɬɟɱɟɤɩɪɢɨɰɟɧɤɟɩɨɩɪɹɦɵɦɢɤɨɫ

ɜɟɧɧɵɦɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢɜɲɢɪɨɤɢɯɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯɨɬɩɚɞɟɧɢɹɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜ

ɧɚɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɦɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɞɨɪɨɫɬɚɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜɧɚɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ

ɧɨɦɊɨɫɬɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɛɵɥɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɩɨɜɢɞɚɦɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɤɬɢɜ

ɧɨɫɬɢɢɡ

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɬʋ

)XQGDPHQWDODQG$SSOLHG&OLPDWRORJ\YQR



ȼɤɥɚɞɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɛɨɥɟɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɪɚɫɱɟɬɩɨɩɪɹ

ɦɵɦɢɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɉȽȼɷɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɉȽɨɬɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɢ

ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɢɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɪɚɡɧɨɫɹɬɫɹɩɨɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɝɞɟ

ɷɬɢɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɱɬɨɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɭɱɟɫɬɶɷɮɮɟɤɬɵɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ

ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɜɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɉȽɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɨɯɜɚɬɚɢɯɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɫɧɢɡɢɥɢɫɶɧɚɦɥɧɬ

ɋɈɷɤɜɬɚɛɥɄɪɢɡɢɫɝɨɞɚɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɥɫɹɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦɢɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ

ɫɞɜɢɝɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɪɨɫɬɭ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɋɈɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɚɬɪɟɯɉȽ±ɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜȼɧɭɬɪɢ

ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɢɯ

ɜɢɞɨɜɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɗɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ

ɋɈɧɚɦɥɧɬɚɉȽ±ɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜɌɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɜ

ɝɨɞɭɧɟɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɪɨɫɬɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɁɚɫɱɟɬɧɟɝɨɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɋɈɜɵɪɨɫɥɢɧɚ

ɦɥɧɬɋɈɚɩɨɬɪɟɦɉȽ±ɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜɎɚɤɬɨɪɵɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢɩɪɨɢɡ

ɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣɢɪɨɫɬɚɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɢɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɜɵɛɪɨ

ɫɨɜɧɚɭɪɨɜɧɟɨɤɨɥɨɦɥɧɬɋɈ

ɷɤɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ

ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɉȽ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɭɬɟɱɟɤ ɞɚɥ ɪɨɫɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉȽ ɧɚ  ɦɥɧ ɬ

ɋɈɷɤɜɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɨɯɜɚɬɚɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ

ɌɚɛɥɢɰɚȼɤɥɚɞɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɜɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɬɪɟɯɉȽɨɬɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ©ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚªɫɭɱɟɬɨɦ

ɭɬɟɱɟɤɢɩɪɢɪɚɡɧɟɫɟɧɢɢɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɩɨɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɜɝɝ

(Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɆɌɎɄ-16-80-ɉȽ)

7DEOH&RQWULEXWLRQIURPLQGLYLGXDOIDFWRUVWRWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKUHHHQHUJ\UHODWHG*+*VHPLVVLRQ

ZLWKDQDFFRXQWRIIXJLWLYHDQGLQGLUHFWHPLVVLRQVDOORFDWHGWRHQGXVHVHFWRUVLQ

(Authors’ estimates using MTFC-16-80-GHG model)

ɩɪɢɪɚɡɧɟɫɟɧɢɢɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɩɨɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɷɬɨɬ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ



ɜɫɟɝɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽ

ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɧɚ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɧɚ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟɩɨɞɫɟɤɬɨ

ɪɨɜ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ

ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪ

ɤɥɢɦɚɬ

ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɉɆ

ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɢ

ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ

         

         

         

         

         

         

         

         

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɆɵɲɚɤȺȾȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȼȺɢɞɪ

%DVKPDNRY,$0\VKDN$'%DVKPDNRY9$HWDO



ȼɝɨɞɚɯɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɋɈɩɪɢɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪ

ɝɢɢɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɜɵɪɨɫɥɢɧɚɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɜ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟɜɝɨɞɭɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɨɜɤɥɚɞɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜ

ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɜɪɚɡɦɟɪɟɦɥɧ ɬ ɋɈɷɤɜɩɪɢɨɰɟɧɤɟɩɨɩɪɹɦɵɦ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɉȽȼɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɟɩɨɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɋɈɩɪɢ

ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɥɢɞɟɪɚɯ ɤɚɤ

ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɚɜɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟɫɩɢɫɤɚ±ɧɚɦɦɟɫɬɟɢɡɫɬɪɚɧɩɨɤɨɬɨ

ɪɵɦɟɫɬɶɞɚɧɧɵɟɪɢɫ

ɊɢɫɭɧɨɤɊɟɣɬɢɧɝɫɬɪɚɧɩɨɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɋɈɩɪɢɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

(Our World in DataCarbon intensity of electricity, 2022 (our world in data.org) ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ember;

Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy (2023) ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɆɌɎɄ-

16-80-ɉȽ)

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(Our World in Data Carbon intensity of electricity, 2022 (our world in data.org) based on data from:

Ember; Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy (2023); and the authors’ estimates using

the MTFC-16-80-GHG model)

ȼ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɉȽɩɨɱɬɢɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈ

ɷɤɜ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ȼ

ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɫɱɟɬɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɨ

ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɉȽ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ  ɦɥɧ ɬ ɋɈɷɤɜ

Ȼɚɥɚɧɫɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɢɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɧɚɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ

ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɜɢɞɨɜɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɜɝɨɞɭ

ɩɪɢɜɟɥɤɪɨɫɬɭɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɡɚɫɱɟɬɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɧɚ ɦɥɧ ɬ

ɋɈɷɤɜɌɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɜɝɨɞɭɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ

ɧɨɦɭɪɨɫɬɭɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɜɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨɥɶɤɨɧɚɬɵɫɬɋɈɷɤɜ

ȼɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɫɭɦɦɚɩɪɹɦɵɯɢɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɜɝɨɞɭɫɧɢɡɢ

ɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ  ɦɥɧ ɬ ɋɈɷɤɜȼɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɢɢɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɬɚɦɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɟɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ

ɉȽ ɉɪɢ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɪɨɫɬ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɢɨɧɢɜɵɪɨɫɥɢɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜ

Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɧɧɵɯɩɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸɠɢɞɤɨɝɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɧɚɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ

ɧɨɦɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɉɪɢɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɞɚɧɧɵɯɊɨɫɫɬɚɬɚɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹɱɬɨɡɚ

ɫɱɟɬɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɜɵɪɨɫɥɢɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜɚɩɪɢ

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɬʋ

)XQGDPHQWDODQG$SSOLHG&OLPDWRORJ\YQR



ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟɩɨɩɚɪɤɭɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ±ɫɧɢɡɢɥɢɫɶɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜɌɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚ

ɡɨɦɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɪɚɜɟɧɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜ

ȼɝɨɞɭɜɤɥɚɞɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɜɫɮɟɪɟɭɫɥɭɝɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥ

ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɩɨɱɬɢɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜɚɜɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ±ɢɯ

ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜȼɝɨɞɭɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɨɬɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯɩɪɨɰɟɫ

ɫɨɜɭɩɚɥɢɧɚ ɦɥɧ ɬɋɈɷɤɜɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɡɚɫɱɟɬɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ɬɚɤɢɯɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɤɚɤɚɦɦɢɚɤɫɬɚɥɶɱɭɝɭɧɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɢɨɤɚɬɵɲɢ

ȿɫɥɢɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɜɝɨɞɚɯɬɟɯɧɨ

ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɫɬɚɥɜɟɫɨɦɵɦɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɹɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɬɚɛɥ

ɢ ɪɢɫ  ɉɪɢ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɉȽ ɟɝɨ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɦɟɬɪɢɤɢ

ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 

ɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜɇɨɨɧɧɟɫɦɨɝɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɜɷɬɢɝɨɞɵɞɚɠɟɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭɜɤɥɚɞɚ

ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨɪɨɫɬɨɦɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ±ɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜȾɥɹ

ɜɫɟɯɦɟɬɪɢɤɦɟɠɫɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟɫɞɜɢɝɢɛɵɥɢɜɩɨɥɶɡɭɛɨɥɟɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɢɯɫɟɤɬɨ

ɪɨɜɚɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ±ɜɩɨɥɶɡɭɦɟɧɟɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɢɯɜɢɞɨɜɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɱɬɨ

ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨɤɪɨɫɬɭɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜɡɚɫɱɟɬɩɟɪɜɵɯɢɤɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ

ɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜ±ɡɚɫɱɟɬɜɬɨɪɵɯɄɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɝɪɭɞɭɫɨɫɭɬɤɢ

ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɩɟɪɢɨɞɚȽɋɈɉɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɧɚɦɥɧɬ

ɋɈɷɤɜȼɝɨɞɚɯɷɬɨɬɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɧɚɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜɎɚɤɬɨɪɵɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣɢɛɥɚɝɨɭ

ɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɚɥɨɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢɧɚɢɬɨɝɢɝɚɜɝɝɩɟɪ

ɜɵɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɜɤɥɚɞɜɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟɪɨɫɬɚɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɧɚɭɪɨɜɧɟ

ɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɯɦɥɧɬɋɈɷɤɜɚɜɬɨɪɨɣ±ɬɨɥɶɤɨɧɚɬɵɫɬɋɈɷɤɜ

ɊɢɫɭɧɨɤɈɰɟɧɤɚɜɤɥɚɞɨɜɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜɜɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɨɬɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ

©ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚªɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɨɯɜɚɬɚɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɷɦɢɫɫɢɢɜɝɨɞɚɯ

ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɆɌɎɄ-16-80-ɉȽ

)LJXUH(VWLPDWHGFRQWULEXWLRQVIURPLQGLYLGXDOIDFWRUVWRWKHHYROXWLRQRIHQHUJ\UHODWHG*+*

HPLVVLRQVEDVHGRQWKHVFRSHRIHPLVVLRQVVRXUFHVLQ

(estimated by authors using the MTFC-16-80-GHG model)

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɆɵɲɚɤȺȾȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȼȺɢɞɪ

%DVKPDNRY,$0\VKDN$'%DVKPDNRY9$HWDO



ɇɚɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɊɨɫɫɢɹɬɨɩɱɟɬɫɹɧɚɦɟɫɬɟ%DVKPDNRY

HWDOȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɢɞɪȼɝɨɞɚɯɧɟɛɵɥɨɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚɜ

ɝɟɬɢɤɚªɪɢɫ

ɊɢɫɭɧɨɤȾɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɜɝɨɞɚɯ

(ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɆɌɎɄ-16-80-ɉȽ)

)LJXUH(YROXWLRQRI*'3FDUERQLQWHQVLW\LQ

(estimated by authors using the MTFC-16-80-GHG model)

ȼɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɆɗȺɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤɬɨɪ±ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ

ɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɫɱɟɬɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹɧɨɜɵɯɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ±ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɨɦ

ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɜɨɜɫɟɯɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯȼȿɋɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɧɚɜɝɫɬɚɥɨɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢȼȼɉɧɚȼ

ɝɝɜɨɦɧɨɝɢɯɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɆɗȺɮɚɤɬɨɪɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ

ɫɬɢɫɬɚɥɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɡɚɫɱɟɬɪɨɫɬɚɞɨɥɢ

ɧɟɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ,($ȼɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɨɬɦɨɞɟɥɢɆɌɎɄ

ɉȽ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɆɗȺ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɮɚɤ

ɬɨɪɵɤɥɢɦɚɬɚɢɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟ

ɦɵɟ ɟɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ

ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

ɤɝɨɞɭ

Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɚɹ

ɐɗɇɗɎ;;,ɜɝɨɞɭȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜEȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜE%DVKPDNRYHW

DOEɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹɩɨɤɚɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɜɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɢ

ɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɣ

ɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ  ɝɨɞɭ Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ

ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɜɝɨɞɭɩɪɢɜɟɥɨɤɬɨɦɭɱɬɨɮɨɪɦɚɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɣ

ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ  ɝɨɞɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ

ɪɢɫȼɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɪɨɱɧɨɣɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣɞɨɫɬɭɩɤɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ

ɧɵɦɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɛɭɞɟɬɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɶɢɯɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɢɬɟɦɫɚɦɵɦɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ

ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵɉȽɧɚɛɨɥɟɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɭɪɨɜɧɟȾɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɢɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɬʋ

)XQGDPHQWDODQG$SSOLHG&OLPDWRORJ\YQR



ɫɬɢ ɤ  ɝɨɞɭ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɨɬ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ

E ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ  ɦɥɧ ɬ&2ɷɤɜ ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɫɬɨɤɨɜɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟɁɂɁɅɏɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɝ

%DVKPDNRYHWDOEɛɭɞɟɬɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶɞɥɹɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ

ɧɨɣɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɤɝɨɞɭ%DVKPDNRYHWDODɈɞɧɚɤɨɧɭɠɧɨɢɦɟɬɶ

ɜɜɢɞɭɱɬɨɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɫɬɨɤɚɜɫɟɤɬɨɪɟɁɂɁɅɏ±ɷɬɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ

ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɜɝɨɞɭɟɳɟɭɫɤɨɪɢɥɚɫɶɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɧɚɦɥɧɬ&2

ɷɤɜɄɪɨɦɟ

ɬɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɱɟɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ

ɷɮɮɟɤɬ:HVWHWDOɞɟɥɚɹɧɚɞɟɠɞɵɧɚɷɬɨɬɫɟɤɬɨɪɤɚɤɧɚɩɚɧɚɰɟɸɜɫɟ

ɛɨɥɟɟɡɵɛɤɢɦɢ

ɊɢɫɭɧɨɤȾɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɜɫɟɤɬɨɪɟɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜD

)LJXUH(YROXWLRQRIHQHUJ\UHODWHG*+*HPLVVLRQV%DVKPDNRYD

ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɟɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽ±ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɧɢɡ

ɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɢɥɢɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɢɡɫɬɪɚɧɧɟ

ɧɚɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɢɥɢɫɧɹɜɲɢɯɫɚɧɤɰɢɢɧɚɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢɬɚɤɢɯɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣɜɊɨɫɫɢɸ

ȼɚɠɧɨɩɨɧɹɬɶɤɚɤɨɜɨɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɟɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɜɟɳɟɣɫɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦɤɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟ

ɪɨɞɧɵɦɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɢɤɚɤɨɧɨɦɨɠɟɬɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɫɹɜɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟɇɨ

ɷɬɨɭɠɟɡɚɞɚɱɚɞɥɹɞɪɭɝɨɝɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɢɞɪ

Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ

ȼɊɨɫɫɢɢɧɚɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢɭɠɟɪɹɞɚɥɟɬɫɝɨɞɚɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹɩɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟɆɗɊ ɊɎɧɨɜɚɹɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɱɟɬɚɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ

ɆɌɎɄɉȽɈɧɚɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɢɪɟɲɟ

ɧɢɹɬɚɤɢɯɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯɡɚɞɚɱɤɚɤɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮ

ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ

ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ  ɝɝ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɱɬɨ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɜ

ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ȼȼɉ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɉȽ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɆɵɲɚɤȺȾȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜȼȺɢɞɪ

%DVKPDNRY,$0\VKDN$'%DVKPDNRY9$HWDO



ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɦɈɧɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɧɟɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɢɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɉȽɧɨ

ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɥɫɹɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢɫɞɜɢɝɚɦɢɜɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟɜɩɨɥɶɡɭɛɨɥɟɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦ

ɤɢɯɢɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɢɯɜɢɞɨɜɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɌɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɢɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɢɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɜɫɮɟɪɟɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɷɧɟɪɝɨ

ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɢɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɜɫɢɥɭɫɜɨɟɣɤɪɚɣɧɟɧɢɡɤɨɣɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

ɧɟɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɚɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜɢɨɛɚɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹɜɪɟɡɤɨɣ

ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɜɹɥɨɣɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɬɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɝɨɧɤɟȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɢɞɪɩɨɬɟɪɢɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɟɪɝɨ

ɟɦɤɢɯɢɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɢɯɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯɬɨɜɚɪɨɜɢɭɫɥɭɝɤɚɤɧɚɦɢɪɨɜɵɯɪɵɧɤɚɯ

ɬɚɤɢɧɚɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɚɬɚɤɠɟɪɢɫɤɢɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹɜɡɹɬɨɝɨɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɩɨ

ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɤɝɨɞɭ

ɋɩɢɫɨɤɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɢɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ

ɫɤɢɣɪɨɫɬȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ʋ ɫKWWSVGRLRUJ



ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɚɗɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶȼȼɉɊɨɫɫɢɢɜɝɝɑ

Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɗɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ. ʋɫ

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺEɊɨɫɫɢɹɧɚɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɹɯɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɤɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ

ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɬɪɢɱɟɬɜɟɪɤɢɢɨɞɧɚɞɜɨɣɤɚɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶ,ʋ

Ȼɚɲɦɚɤɨɜ ɂȺ D ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ

ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ⱦɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ, KWWSVFHQHI[[LUX

DUWLFOHVYQHVKQ\D\DWRUJRYO\DHNRQRPLFKHVNLMURVWLGHNDUERQL]DFL\DYURVVLLGRO

JRVURFKQ\HSHUVSHNWLY\

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺEɋɰɟɧɚɪɢɢɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɊɨɫɫɢɢɤɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣɧɟɣ

ɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɗɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟʋ

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺɆɵɲɚɤȺȾɎɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣɚɧɚɥɢɡɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢɪɨɫ

ɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɷɤɨɧɨ-

ɦɢɤɢ, ʋɫKWWSVGRLRUJ

ȻɚɲɦɚɤɨɜɂȺȻɨɪɢɫɨɜɄȻɈɛɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮ

ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣɢɧɨɜɨɣɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɗɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ, ʋ

Ȼɚɲɦɚɤɨɜ ɂ Ȼɚɲɦɚɤɨɜ ȼ Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɜ Ʉ Ⱦɡɟɞɡɢɱɟɤ Ɇ Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ Ɉ

ɅɭɧɢɧȺɆɵɲɚɤȺɇɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɧɵɧɟɲ-

ɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ, KWWSVFHQHI[[LUXDUWLFOHVQL]NRXJOHURGQ\HWHK

QRORJLLYURVVLLQ\QHVKQLMVWDWXVLSHUVSHNWLY\

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